Which government department was established in 1862 to support farmers and ranchers?

The Department of Agriculture was established in 1862 primarily to support farmers and ranchers by providing them with resources, research, and assistance. This was a pivotal moment in U.S. history, as the agricultural sector was a vital part of the economy, especially during a time when the nation was experiencing significant growth and change. The creation of this department was aimed at improving agricultural productivity through education, research, and advocacy for farmers. It played a crucial role in helping to stabilize the agriculture industry, which was essential for food production and economic stability in the country.

The other options, while important government entities, were not established with the specific focus on supporting farmers and ranchers during that period. The Department of Labor, for example, focuses on workforce issues, while the Department of Commerce promotes economic growth and job creation across various industries. The Department of Education primarily addresses educational policies and support. Thus, the Department of Agriculture's founding directly correlates to its mission of benefiting the agricultural community, making it the correct answer.