Which civil rights leader is noted for promoting black nationalism and advocating for violent responses?

Malcolm X is recognized for promoting black nationalism and sometimes advocating for a more militant approach to achieving civil rights for African Americans. He believed that self-defense was necessary in the face of racial aggression and oppression. Unlike Martin Luther King Jr., who advocated for nonviolent resistance, Malcolm X emphasized the need for African Americans to assert their rights and autonomy, often pointing out that the existing systems did not protect them or their interests. His calls for black empowerment and his critique of systemic racism resonated with many during the civil rights movement, making him a prominent figure advocating for a more assertive stance in the pursuit of equality.

While other leaders like Stokely Carmichael also embraced black nationalism, it was Malcolm X's earlier teachings and uncompromising stance that laid much of the groundwork for a more militant approach within the broader civil rights movement's discourse. Characters such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks are more associated with peaceful protests and civil disobedience rather than advocating for violence as a response to oppression.